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Criticism of IE
•
IE is criticised that it lacks to recognize the relationship between society
and HEIs because education does not exist in a vacuum (McLaren,
1986)
.
•
HEIs are shaped by the political and socio-economic systems in which
they are embedded (Habib, 2013).
•
Without addressing the context or political aspect of HEIs and HEI
systems, success of the IE model with the other five domains is
undermined (Fink, 2013).
•
Since IE falls short regarding the inclusion of the broader social and
political contexts, the complexity spectrum of Wells et al. (2012) was
utilized to provide a framework to describe the characteristics of the
orientation programme and its context or what may be referred to as the
“politics”
or the sixth P (Fink, 2013).